Ecology

With respect to the Western Hoolock Gibbons, which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1. A Sanctuary in North-east India is home to this ape species listed as Endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. 2. They have specialized brachiation and can easily swing between trees. 3. They possess a strong and heavy build like gorillas, yet are remarkably agile tree climbers. Select the answer using the code given below : (a) 1 only (b) land2 (c) 2and3 (ad) 3 only

Which of the following best explain(s) the rationale for protecting mangrove ecosystems in the context of climate resilience ? 1. Mangroves reduce tidal energy and store freshwater, making them ideal sites for paddy cultivation in saline estuarine belts. 2. Their _ salt-sensitive roots filter seawater, making mangroves key to converting coastal 1 and into freshwater aquaculture zones. 3. By withstanding tidal surges and offering biomass resources, mangroves function both as natural bio-shields and livelihood bases for rural communities. Select the answer using the code given below :

Consider the following statements about Rhynchostylis retusa (Foxtail orchid) : 1. / Itis an epiphytic orchid. 2. The species is endemic to North-east India. 3. It is the State flower of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? (a) 1 only (b) land3 () 2and3 (d) 3 only 39.

At the United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC) held in June, 2025 in France, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations demonstrated its leading voice on marine and ocean issues, especially on sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for resilient livelihood and “Blue Transformation”. Which of the following combinations about the “Four Betters” proposed by FAO for “Blue Transformation” is correct ?

Consider statements comparing rainforest and ocean oxygen production, marine phytoplankton/photosynthetic bacteria, and oxygen concentration in surface water.

Which one of the following shows a unique relationship with an insect that has coevolved with it and that is the only insect that can pollinate this tree?

"If rainforests and tropical forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely wetlands function as its kidneys." Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement?

"Biorock technology" is talked about in which one of the following situations?

The "Miyawaki method" is well known for the:

Consider the following statements. Statement 1: The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the Arbor Day Foundation have recently recognized Hyderabad as 2020 Tree City of the World. Statement 2: Hyderabad was selected for the recognition following its commitment to grow and maintain the urban forests. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Copepods 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Diatoms 4. Foraminifera. Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans?

Which one of the following is a filter feeder?

In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle?

Which of the following are detritivores? 1. Earthworms 2. Jellyfish 3. Millipedes 4. Seahorses 5. Woodlice. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

In nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?

If a particular plant spices is placed under schedule VI of the Wildlife Protection act 1972, what is the implication?

With reference to Indian elephant, consider the following statement: 1. The Leader of an elephant group is a female 2. The maximum gestation period can be 22 months. 3. An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only. 4. Among the states in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala. Which of the statement given above is/are correct?

Steel slag can be the material for which of the foll0wing? 1. construction of base road 2. Improvement of agricultural soil 3. Production of cement Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements: 1. As per law, the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority exists at both National and State levels. 2. People’s participation is mandatory in the compensatory afforestation Programmes carried out under the Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act, 2016. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements: 1. As per recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboos grown on forest areas. 2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is a minor forest produce. 3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forrest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows ownership of minor forest produce to forest dwellers. Which of the statement given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements: 1. Asiatic lion in naturally found in India only. 2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only. 3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statement: 1. Some species of turtles are herbivores. 2. Some species of fish are herbivores. 3. Some species of marine mammals are herbivores. 4. Some species of snakes are viviparous. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following pairs: *  wildlife Naturally found in* 1. Blue-finned Mahseer : Cauvery River 2. Irrawaddy Dolphin : Chambal River 3. Rusty-spotted Cat : Eastern Ghats which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment?

With reference to the ‘Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CACSA)’, which of the following statements is/are correct.” 1. GACSA is an outcome of the Climate Summit held in Paris in 2015. 2. Membership of GACSA does not create any binding obligations. 3. India was instrumental in the creation of GACSA. Select the correct answer using the code given

The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of

The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at

Consider the following statements 1. Most of the world’s coral reefs are in tropical waters. 2. More than one-third of the world’s coral reefs are located in the territories of Australia, Indonesia and Philippines. 3. Coral reefs host far more number of animal phyla than those hosted by tropical rainforests. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements in respect of Trade Related Analysis of Fauna and Flora in Commerce (TRAFFIC). 1. TRAFFIC is a beurau under United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) 2. The mission of Traffic is to ensure that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation technique? 1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganism specifically designed for bioremediation Select the correct answer using the codes given below

Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the population of species of butterflies, what could be its likely consequence/consequences? 1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely affected 2. There could be drastic increase in the fungal infections of some cultivated plants 3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some species of wasps, spiders and birds Select the correct answer using the codes given below

1. To provide modern technology, training in modern farming methods and financial support to local communities of identified GIAHS so as to greatly enhance their agricultural productivity 2. To identify and safeguard eco-friendly traditional farm practices and their associated landscapers, agricultural biodiversity and knowledge systems of the local communities 3. To provide Geographical Indication status to all the varieties of agricultural produce in such identified GIAHS

1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity. 2. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity.

1. It is a tree species found in a part of South India. 2. It is one of the most important trees in the tropical rain forest areas of South India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. It is a global action plan for sustainable development 2. It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’. 2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?

With reference to an organization known as ‘BirdLife International’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

Which one of the following is the best description of the term ‘ecosystem’?

Which of the following have coral reefs? 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands I 2. Gulf of Kachchh 3. Gulf of Mannar 4. Sunderbans

The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of

Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?

Consider the following international agreements: 1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 3. The World Heritage Convention Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain?

With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements: 1.’Photovoltaics’ is a technology that generates electricity by direct conversion of light into electricity, while ‘Solar Thermal’ is a technology that utilizes the Sun’s rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process. 2. Photovoltaics generates Alternating Current (AC), while Solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC). 3. India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

Consider the following 1\. Star tortoise 2\. Monitor lizard 3\. Pygmy hog 4\. Spider monkey Which of the above found in India?

In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity?

With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements : 1\. A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feed upon each other. 2\. Food chains are found within the populations of a species. 3\. A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others. Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

Consider the following pairs National Park River flowing through the Park 1\. Corbett National Park : Ganga 2\. Kaziranga National Park : Manas 3\. Silent Valley National Park : Kaveri Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat? 1\. Tamil Nadu 2\. Kerala 3\. Karnataka 4\. Andhra Pradesh Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism, but also its functional role in the community of organisms?

With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism is / are known as decomposer organism/organisms? 1\. Virus 2\. Fungi 3\. Bacteria Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Consider the following fauna of India: 1.Gharial 2.Leatherback turtle 3.Swamp deer Which of the above is/are endangered?

Consider the following protected areas: 1. Bandipur 2. Bhitarkanika 3. Manas 4. Sunderbans **Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?**

Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Bat 2. Bee 3. Bird which of the above is/are pollinating agent/agents?

Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?

The Millenium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services-provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is supporting service?

What is the difference between the antelopes Oryx and Chiru?

Which of the following can be threats to the biodiversity of a geographical area? 1 Global warming 2 Fragmentation of habitat 3 Invasion of alien species 4 Promotion of vegetarianism S**elect the correct answer using the codes given below:**

Consider the following: 1. Black necked crane 2. Cheetah 3. Flying squirrel 4. Snow leopard **Which of the above are naturally found in India?**

What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason? 1. The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected. 2. The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected. 3. The density of ocean water would drastically decrease. **Select the correct answer using the codes given below**:

Vultures used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to

How does National Biodiversity Authority help in protecting the Indian agriculture? 1\. NBA checks the biopairacy and protects the indigenous and traditional genetic resources. 2\. NBA directly monitors and supervises the scientific research on genetic modification of crop plants. 3 Applications for intellectual property rights related to genetic/ biological resources can not be made without the approval of NBA. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

The acidification of oceans is increasing . why is this phenomenon a cause of concern ? 1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected 2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected 3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplankton larvae will be adversely affected 4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected Which of the statements are correct?

The “Red Data Books” published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource (IUCN) contain lists of 1. Endemic plant and animal species present in the biodiversity hotspots. 2. Threatened plant and animal species. 3. Protected sites for conservation of nature and natural resources in various countries. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

There is a concern over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India. What could be the causative factors for this phenomenon? 1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries. 2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon. 3. Upwelling in the seas. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal?

Consider the following statements: 1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes. 2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in the following ways: 1. Soil formation 2. Prevention of soil erosion 3. Recycling of waste 4. Pollination of crops Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora?

Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity: 1. Species richness 2. Vegetation density 3. Endemism 4. Ethno-botanical importance 5. Threat perception 6. Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions Which three of the above are correct criteria in this context?

In the context of ecosystem productivity, marine upwelling zones are important as they increase the marine productivity by bringing the 1. Decomposer microorganism to the surface. 2. Nutrients to the surface. 3. Bottom-dwelling organisms to the surface. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

If a tropical rain forest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because

The Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon?

With reference to India, consider the following Central Acts: 1. Import and Export (Control) Act, 1947 2. Mining and Mineral development (Regulation) Act, 1957 3. Customs Act, 1962 4. Indian Forest Act, 1927 Which of the above Acts have relevance to/bearing on the biodiversity conservation in the country?